The Case Of The Texas Family Code ß 54.02 ( A ) ( West...

) Analysis under Tex. Fam. Code  § 54.02(a) The court must initially examine Sophia Edwards’ case under the Texas Family Code  § 54.02(a) (West 2014). It sets forth three objective factors the court must find before considering whether to certify a minor for adult prosecution. In order to meet the first prong of this three-part test, Sophia must be facing felony charges. The drunken driving offense, if standing alone, could be classified as a misdemeanor. Tex. Penal Code  § 49.04 (West 2011). Sophia, however, faces aggravated charges due to her passenger s death. Under Texas law, this intoxication manslaughter charge is a second-degree felony offense that satisfies the first prong in this test. Tex. Penal Code  § 49.08 (West 2011). Under the second prong test of this section, the Court must examine the child s age and the type of felony. This subparagraph allows for adult prosecution of a 14 year old who commits more severe felonies but prohibits adult prosecution for 14 year olds facing second-degree felony charges. Sophia, however, was 16 years old at the time of the offense and thus falls under subparagraph 2b which allows for adult certification of older children facing less severe, second-degree felony charges. Tex. Fam. Code  § 54.02(a)(2)(B) (West 2014). Finally, the juvenile court must determine after a full investigation whether there is probable cause that Sophia committed the offense alleged, the seriousness of the alleged offense, Sophia’s background, and

Marjane Satrapis Persepolis Essay - 1403 Words

Western culture has often misperceived the east and the way that their society functions. In Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis, Satrapi uses graphic novels as a way to demonstrate to the western culture how the east has been misrepresented. The use of media helps to depict to the west how their views of the east may have been unfairly formed in the past. The media has only revealed limited knowledge that only shows partial perspectives because it is difficult to get perspectives of the minorities although they are the ones who hold the most truth. In other words the use of graphic novels and a child’s perspective give the west a new idea on how it is that society in the east functions. This style of writing brings the connection between the two†¦show more content†¦By allowing the reader to form their own perspective it â€Å"makes the reader reconsider the assumptions†¦[of the] so-called other† by giving the reader the freedom to perceive the events of the revolution as they wish and not reconsider the way that they once understood the people of the east to be (Darda 34). Satrapi is using her experience and graphic novels to show what her experience as a child was, she does not claim at any point to be telling the entire story of the revolution she is merely introducing a new perspective which up until that point had not been seen in the western countries. The concept of â€Å"making the hidden visible† allows the reader to understand the Israeli revolution in a way that is has not been viewed before (Chute 106). Through the strategic use of graphic novels it demonstrates the way that she experienced it first hand without the interruption of western style media. Graphic novels take away any assumptions that you may make about the revolution while reading it because you have the image right in front of you and there is no way for it to be misinterpreted. Due to the large impact that media has on the viewpoints and ideas of western citizens the westerns perspective of what is true and what doesn’t exist hasShow MoreRelated Marjane Satrapis Persepolis3668 Words   |  15 Pagesin the sudden transition. As a member of the Iranian diaspora, Marjane Satrapi endured many hardships in her efforts to transition from Middle Eastern culture to a more modernist Western culture. Her series of graphic novel memoirs, Persepolis, depict her childhood growing up in Iran during both the Islamic Revolution and the Iran- Iraq War, and moving to Austria as one of many emigrants of Iran at the time. Marjane Satrapis memoir is just one example of an exile bearing the burden of memoryRead MoreMarjane Satrapis Persepolis 2059 Words   |  9 PagesMarjane Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis is an expressive memoir of her growing up in Iran during the Islamic Revolution, the fall of the Shah’s regime and the Iran-Iraq War. The dictionary definition of a memoir is, the description of one’s personal life and experiences, and most writers use the conventional text format to write theirs but Satrapi has contributed to a whole new way of writing memoirs that may last for many generations to come. Unlike conventional memoirs, she uses the black-and-whiteRead MoreMarjane Satrapis Persepolis1238 Words   |  5 PagesPersepolis Review â€Å"One can forgive but one should never forget† is one of the quotes that Marjane Satrapi says in her memoir titled Persepolis. 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When analyzing the current relationshipRead More The Veil in Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesMarjane Satrapi’s Persepolis introduces the Islamic veil as an attempt by the Iranian government to control women. Islamic radicals promised safety and security for those who abided by their rules. Rebels who refused to wear the headscarf were threatened with beating, rape or death. These modern women who fought against religious oppression met the minimal requirements of the government rules to safely live in the hostile environment. Through being forced to wear the veil, the control of the IslamicRead MoreMarjane Satrapi’s Challenging of Stereotypes in Persepolis1059 Words   |  4 PagesMarjane Satrapi’s Challenging of Stereotypes in Persepolis In Marjane Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis, Satrapi states that her goal in writing the book was to dispel many of the hasty generalizations made by the Western world about Iran, a principal sentiment being that the country is little more than a nation founded by fundamentalists and home to terrorists and extremists. To combat the misconception, Satrapi enlists the assistance of examples from her adolescence of barriers and dissent towardsRead MoreMarjane Satrapi’s Challenging of Stereotypes in Persepolis Essay example1112 Words   |  5 PagesIn Marjane Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis, Satrapi states that her goal in writing the book was to dispel many of the hasty generalizations made by the western world about Iran, a principal sentiment being that the country is little more than a nation founded by fundamentalists and home to terrorists and extremists. To combat the misconception, Satrapi enlists the assistance examples of barriers and dissent towards the new conservative regime in Iran from her adolescence. By employing eventsRead MoreAnalysis Of Marjane Satrapis Graphic Novel Persepolis823 Words   |  4 Pages Marjane Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis, illustrates her own experience of the Iranian world through revolutions and corrupt dictatorship. Throughout her life, Marji is faced with numerous hardships that challenge her life from a young age. From struggling to adapt into diverging cultures to standing up for her identity, Marji’s conflicts force her to choose between family and herself. Unlike the people from her homeland, Marji has many opportunities to explore her liberty, however, she hasRead MoreMarjane Satrapis Persepolis: A Personal Version and Vision of the Iranian Revolution1341 Words   |  5 PagesPersepolis: Marjane Satrapis personal version and vision of the Iranian Revolution Marjane Satrapis Persepolis is a graphic novel that suggests that there is a sharp discrepancy between the world of the Iranian Revolution, as depicted in the Western media, versus how many Iranians experienced it in the context of their own lives. Satrapi was the product of a liberal home environment. Behind closed doors, the life the young Marjane led was often very different from the images of burka-wearingRead MoreEssay on The Role of Women in Marjane Satrapis Persepolis 1111 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout Persepolis, Marjane Satrapi displays the vital role that the women around her have in developing her character and becoming the woman she is today. Women such as her mother, her grandmother, her school teachers, the maid, the neighbors, and even the guardians of the revolution influenced Marjane and caused her to develop into an independent, educated, and ambitious woman. Throughout the novel, Marjane never completely conforms or lets go of her roots, this is prima rily due to

Technical Report on Victorian Desalination Plant †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Technical Report on Victorian Desalination Plant. Answer: Introduction: The Victorian Desalination Plant project is a government-funded project that was initiated in 2007 with the aim of providing a reliable water supply. In a single private partnership, the government offered the contract to AquaSure Company in 2009 to build, maintain, and finance the project for the next thirty years, which was fixed at $ 3.5 billion. It encompasses the construction of pipelines, water plants drainage, and maintenance among others. In the single private partnership, aquaSure is expected to play a more substantial role in managing, monitoring, and tracking of the project progress. In the definition of its role, includes maintaining best practices and standards across the operations, creating the best liaise with the surrounding community to ensure operation and maintenance of the water tunnels, ecological reserves and the pipelines accordingly. Fifty-two people run the project with the capacity of supplying up to 150 billion liters of good drinking water per year to the people living around the local regional community, including Melbourne and Geelong. The project is undertaken with an expectation of over 95 years lifespan. The water being processed at the project is subjected to real-time and online monitoring to ensure quality. Furthermore, laboratory tests are carried out both during water processing session and in the reservoir tank. The rules and regulations help to clearly appraise the procedural order in which the parties will operate and the alternative actions in case the agreed terms are not successfully achieved by either the contracting body or the contractor. Furthermore, it is also important in tracking the adherence of the contract to the standards and rules put forward by authorities. With the effort to ensure health enforcement and building standards, the building act 1993 may be applied. This fosters the enforcement of the construction regulations such as monitoring the health of the workforce involved in the construction of the water project. furthermore, the act may be applicable in granting the operational permit, warrantees and insurance, among others (Martin 2009, p.91). This is important in attaining the established construction standards in the water project. Taking a critical analysis of the possible diverse effect of land excavation and concrete construction, the Environmental protection act 1970 is a substantial tool for the enforcement of appropriate construction lines. As the pipelines are constructed, there must adequate survey conducted to ensure minimal destruction of vital resources that may cause more adverse effect to the environment if they are destroyed. Such resources may include forests, water bodies, and recreation centers among others. In ensuring privacy between the dealing parties, Privacy Act 1988 is applicable in the contract. The terms and condition under which the information will be shared is highlighted in this regulation. For example, no party is legible to sharing information of the contract for its independent benefit at the expense of the other. May be in form of reputation and company image to the general public (Goodman and Douglas 2017, p.350). Planning and environment act 1987 is an important act and can be used concurrently with the environmental protection act 1997. This all focus on the environmental sustenance and maintenance. As the water construction project is signed, the partnership contract has to adhere to the standard environmental laws. The Australian government takes initiative of ensuring environmental protection and management. Responsible authorities are subject to signing the contract before it kicks off. It therefore implies that the established laws will have to be followed (Cheung et al. 2012, p.45). The architect act 1991 may be applicable in the implementation of the project design. It must be based on a clear model, for example, Build-lease-transfer (BLT), build-own-operate (BOO), Build operate-transfer (BoT), among others. This clearly determines the phases in which the project will run. Either if the project will be handed over to the client after its complete of the private entity will continue with the operations (Martin, 2009, p.90). Critique of the type of contract that was used Public private partnership can basically be understood as a mutual contract understanding/ agreement built between a private sector entity and a public agency. The contract agreement grants the [private sector entity an upper hand in monitoring, financing, procurement, and delivery of the project requirements. It is important to note that in the contract agreement, the private entity takes significantly a greater role in the management and control of the project under execution (Cheung et al. 2009, p.83). For the last two decades, public private partnership has demonstrated a promising solution for filling up of the gaps that prevail in other forms of contracts. Taking a critical analysis and review of the public private partnership and innovation undertaken by many public agencies and Victorian Desalination Plant (VDP) in particular, there are several remedies, which among others include; Share of risks; as a result of collaboration between the government and the private entity, the impacts of the risks are minimized. This ensure quality assurance due to the fact that the client has the ability to monitor, track, supplement or complement on the progress of the project being undertaken. Some projects can tend to be too risky and costly for private entities to fully undertake. Other wise, if undertaken, the quality of the work done may be compromised. To help in solving scenarios of this kind, public private partnership serves to be the best and most appropriate for highly risky and costly projects (Jin, and Doloi, 2008, p.720). Improvement in the accountability of public entities. It is considerably true that government entities have always had problems of fund swindling, misappropriation and poor implementation effectiveness in planned programs. It is therefore more convenient to employ partnership in which case the, the private entity takes on the accountability (Nisar 2007, p.19). Though collaboration, an enhanced public management is attained as the public agencies may act as regulators who basically monitor the quality of work being undertaken. Rather than taking the responsibility of day today management, the public agency capitalizes on planning and performance monitoring. The method is also an appropriate way of increasing production scale (Regan et al. 2010, p.9). Resource pooling serves as a solution for addressing the problem of resource shortages. There tend to be cases of resource shortages in terms of expertise, finances, capital stock, and equipment among others. In some instances, projects may require a wide diversity of expertise and resources, which may necessarily be available to one firm. This makes the private public partnership the most recommendable (Garvin, M.J., 2009, p.409). Public private partnership also serves as a solution for addressing topics that require a multi-stakeholder/ neutral environment. For progress to be achieved on some issues there is need for creation of a neutral environment. Relative partnership between the private entity and the public agencies serves as the best solution in this case (Deva 2006, p.107). An incite can be drawn in the issues of the regulatory arena where the regulatory authorities have a substantial role to play and yet inputs from the industry is also required (Bailey et al. 2011) However, it is important to note that, even if the type of contract is good and recommendable, it also has its adverse effects and shortcomings. Among others, include; Time-lines and sustainability; in private public partnership, the private sectors usually receive funding for a period of three to five years. Victorian Desalination Plant (VDP) in particular received a particular sum of finances budgeted to achieve a particular goal within a given time schedule. The stipulated terms of contracts tends to be breached due to the time limitedness (Osei-Kyei, and Chan, 2015, p.1340). Difficulties in handling conglomerate leadership and project management. As the project is run in partnership, there is need to have extra ordinary competencies and skills to effectively integrate and coordinate the parties involved with the aim of capacity building. Challenges may emerge due to the fact that the level of competencies and expertise differ and this could lead to disagreement between the parties. Furthermore, there is a bureaucratic flow of information and decision-making becomes substantially hard and long. It is therefore not recommendable for projects that require execution in the shortest time (Ke et al. 2009, p.1010). The type of contract chosen does not give adequate room for performance measurement in relation to the roles played by each party in the achievement of the project goals and objectives. In other words, it is difficult to examine and evaluate the performance contributed by each entity. This type of contract also eliminates the role of small and medium sized enterprises. These types of contracts are meant only for large entities, consequently leading to the neglect of the upcoming firms. Furthermore, lager entities are highly mechanized hence offering less employment to the locals. In other words, public private partnership employ more of technological intensive method rather than labour intensive and in return, leads to technological unemployment (Hodge and Greve, 2007, p.550). Basing on the relevance and the shortcomings of the contract type, it a better strategy for achieving the best results in bigger, costly and risky projects. Given the long-term period for the project lifespan and the role it plays in providing a public service, it is unrealistic to fully contract a private firm. References Cheung, E., Chan, A.P. and Kajewski, S., 2009. Reasons for implementing public private partnership projects: perspectives from Hong Kong, Australian and British practitioners.Journal of Property Investment Finance,27(1), pp.81-95. Cheung, E., Chan, A.P. and Kajewski, S., 2012. Factors contributing to successful public private partnership projects: Comparing Hong Kong with Australia and the United Kingdom.Journal of Facilities Management,10(1), pp.45-58. Deva, S., 2006. Global Compact: A Critique of the UN's public-private partnership for promoting corporate citizenship.Syracuse J. Int'l L. Com.,34, p.107. Garvin, M.J., 2009. Enabling development of the transportation public-private partnership market in the United States.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,136(4), pp.402-411. Hodge, G.A. and Greve, C., 2007. Publicprivate partnerships: an international performance review.Public administration review,67(3), pp.545-558. Jin, X.H. and Doloi, H., 2008. Interpreting risk allocation mechanism in publicprivate partnership projects: an empirical study in a transaction cost economics perspective.Construction Management and Economics,26(7), pp.707-721. Ke, Y., Wang, S., Chan, A.P. and Cheung, E., 2009. Research trend of public-private partnership in construction journals.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,135(10), pp.1076-1086. Martin, C.E., 2009. Sovereignty, Meet Globalization: Using Public-Private Partnerships to Promote the Rule of Law in a Complex World.Mil. L. Rev.,202, p.91. Nisar, T.M., 2007. Risk management in publicprivate partnership contracts.Public Organization Review,7(1), pp.1-19. Osei-Kyei, R. and Chan, A.P., 2015. Review of studies on the Critical Success Factors for PublicPrivate Partnership (PPP) projects from 1990 to 2013.International Journal of Project Management,33(6), pp.1335-1346. Regan, M., Smith, J. and Love, P.E., 2010. Impact of the capital market collapse on public-private partnership infrastructure projects.Journal of construction engineering and management,137(1), pp.6-16. Bailey, I.H., Bell, M. and Bell, C., 2011.Construction law in Australia. Lawbook Company. Goodman, R. and Douglas, K., 2017. Dealing with Conflict in Local Planning: Reflections from Australian Planners.Planning Practice Research,32(4), pp.345-360.

Passage To India By Foster Essays - A Passage To India,

Passage To India By Foster In his novel A Passage to India, Forster uses a series of repeated misunderstandings between cultures, which become hardened into social stereotypes, to justify the uselessness of attempts to bridge cultural gulfs. In many instances, the way in which language is used plays a great role in the miscommunication between the English and the Indians, as well as among people of the same culture. This is exemplified in the way in which people use the same words, but do not hear the same meaning. It is also displayed through the British characters Aziz meets and befriends, through a series of invitations and through time and true mistakes. Upon Meeting the British: Two significant instances of miscommunication occur when Aziz meets the British characters in the novel that will end up being very close, yet controversial friends. Upon his encountering Mrs. Moore at the Mosque, he sees a British woman and right away develops a series of misconceptions about her. He believes that she is like all other British women (bring up conversation on women being alike): ?Madam, this is a mosque, you have no right here at all; you should have taken off your shoes; this is a holy place for Moslems.' ?I have taken them off.' ?You have?' ?I left them at the entrance.' ?Then I ask your pardon. I am truly sorry for speaking.' ?Yes, I was right, was I not? If I remove my shoes, I am allowed?' ?Of course, but so few ladies take the trouble, especially if thinking no one is there to see' (18). What Aziz finds is the unexpected fact that she is like Aziz in many ways, or as he describes her, "Oriental" (21). Yet, when seeing this side of the British woman, he again breaks his connection with her when she speaks of her son: ?And why ever do you come to Chandrapore?' ?To visit my son. He is the City Magistrate here.' ?Oh no, excuse me, that is quite impossible. Our City Magistrate's name is Mr. Heaslop. I know him intimately.' ?He's my son all the same,' she said smiling, (19). It does not occur to Aziz that Mrs. Moore's son may be part of the Indian race. It is something that is not understandable at first. Another British character that Aziz makes a connection with is Mr. Fielding. When Aziz arrives at Fielding's home to meet him for the first time, he has the same type of miscommunication that he does with Mrs. Moore, yet is is displayed in an opposite manner: "Lifting up his voice, he shouted from the bedroom, ?Please make yourself at home.' The remark was unpremeditated, like most of his actions; it was what he felt inclined to say. To Aziz it had a very different meaning" (66). Aziz understands Fielding's remark as a warm invitation, whereas Fielding has a routine of making the remark. People Saying One Thing and meaning another, usually just to be polite: A. Invitations The matter of invitations in the novel creates a cultural misunderstanding between the Indians and the British in the sense that the Indians make invitations just to be polite, which the British take literally. This causes offense in some cases to the British involved, whereas the Indians see it as a normal part of their society. This is first apparent at the Bridge Party, where Adela and Mrs. Moore are introduced to Mrs. Bhattacharya: When they took their leave, Mrs. Moore had an impulse, and said to Mrs. Bhattacharya, whose face she liked, ?I wonder whether you would allow us to call on you some day.' ?When?' she replied, inclining charmingly. ?Whenever is convenient.' ?All days are convenient.' ?Thursday...' ?Most certainly.'... ?What about the time?' ?All hours.' ?Tell us which you would prefer.' Mrs. Bhattacharya seemed not to know either. Her gesture implied that she had known, since Thursdays began, that English ladies would come to see her on one of them, and so always stayed in. Everything pleased her, nothing surprised. She added, ?We leave for Calcutta today.' ?Oh do you?' said Adela, not at first seeing the implication. Then she cried, ?Oh, but if you do, we shall find you gone.' Mrs. Bhattacharya did not dispute it. (44). Mrs. Bhattacharya doesn't think of the invitation in the same way Adela does. The same is for Aziz when inviting the two women to the Marabar caves. "He thought again of his bungalow in horror. Good heavens, the stupid girl had taken him at his word! What was he to

How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. Essay Example

How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. Essay Example How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. Essay How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. Essay How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. At the age of fourteen, I had my first puff of smoke. Even before that I knew a lot of cigarette brands due to advertising. Since then I started smoking and when I went to cafeterias and clubs the people who were promoting cigarettes would offer me a new brand to try and gave me free packs of cigarettes and a lighter with their brand. They didn’t mind how old I was, they just wanted to give them away and promote their product. But except this kind of advertisement, I had seen lots of tobacco advertisements on billboards which made me believe that everything is ok if I smoke. This is a false impression that tobacco advertisements picture to teenagers. Tobacco advertisements influence teenagers by glamorizing smoking. The World Health Organization blamed the advertisers for attracting young people, by representing cigarettes with being glamorous, energetic and attractive (BBC News 1). Except that, is how big the billboards are (see fig. 1 and fig. 2). Fig. 1. Photograph of a billboard advertising Peter Stuyvesant cigarettes Fig. 2. Billboard, featuring a man leaning against a boat and smoking, with the caption Slow Down. Pleasure Up. Even teenagers can see these big advertisements and they imitate what they see from different media which influences them into smoking. Although tobacco advertisers say that their advertisements are aimed for adults, yet this is not true because teenagers imitate those images . The glamorization of tobacco, the positive impression which teenagers get from tobacco advertising and the effects of advertisement are the main reasons why tobacco advertising attracting teenagers should be banned. Banning tobacco advertisements at places where teenagers are able to see them, means ban at all public places which leads to violation of companies’ rights. Young people go everywhere and since the advertisements are put everywhere the advertisers wont be able to advertise tobacco anymore. This means that the advertisers might lose their jobs. But there will be no violation of companies rights if they advertise their product in a different way. The cigarette expenses’ were replaced by advertising cigarettes with another way without profits or loss of the advertisers jobs. This has been tested in a number of European Union countries, which have banned tobacco advertising (Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship 2). They will still be able to advertise their product but only to adults. A way for the advertisers to do that, is to make a magazine advertising all the cigarette brands, in a way of attracting smokers. And this magazine be purchased only by adults over the age of twenty five years old and the salesmen should always ask for an identity. Another way to advertise cigarettes at adult smokers, is to offer them free packs of cigarettes at cafes and clubs. But also ask for an identity before giving them the free pack. The first main reason why tobacco advertising attracting teenagers should be forbidden is that the advertisers glamorize smoking. They use billboards, bus stops, the movies and kiosks (see fig. 3) to advertise cigarettes. Fig. 3. A new stand in Athens with a tent with a Davidoff advertisement. They present the Davidoff cigarettes with a sexy, successful, rich and smart man. Also they have put the slogan â€Å"the more you know† which gives the impression that smoking Davidoff will make you know more things or become smarter. They have glamorized their product in such a way for teenagers to believe that if they smoke Davidoff they will be successful, rich and smart. The advertisements create the image of smoking as cool, acceptable and popular among independent, active and fun-loving people. The advertisements at billboards and bus stops are presented in the same way. The bad thing with the bus stops advertisements is that they are placed not even a meter from the ground, where even a baby can see and touch them. But in the movies there is a big deference, because there are actors and actresses which are successful and well known and the glamorization effectiveness is bigger than in any other advertisement. The second reason why tobacco advertising attracting teenagers should be forbidden is the positive impression which teenagers get from tobacco advertising. When teenagers see a tobacco advertisement showing smokers who are pictured with lots of friends, they feel they want to be cool or successful socially. This is how the advertisements play into the natural insecurities of young people. Also when the teenagers see the Virginia Slims advertisements they get the impression that smoking will make them beautiful and thinner. But this is not true, because it destroys the beauty. The tobacco companies use this confusion that many young people think (KQED). The advertisements connect smoking with romantic relationships. Because many people want to feel emotionally secure and physically attractive advertisements create a false impression between smoking and finding the soul-mate. Another way to advertise their product is to put healthy, successful and thin role models to act in such a way to attract teens. A recent report from the National Cancer Institute strongly suggests that tobacco advertising and the depiction of cigarette smoking in movies can encourage teenagers to start smoking (Hayes 1). Also Hausa film Industry stars glamorize the smoking of cigarettes and the rate of this glamorization is very big. Young people imitate the actors and actresses, who are passing a fake message to young people, that smoking can bring success and popularity. Although it is an unreal message and young people should be aware of it because there are a lot of dangers if they believe it (Triumph Weekend 1). The advertisers try to convince teenagers that smoking is a mature adult activity creating them the feeling that if they smoke they will be as much mature as an adult. But nothing from the feelings they create is true because smoking can’t make people smarter, thinner, attracting, beautiful even more mature. The third reason why tobacco advertising attracting teenagers should be forbidden is the effect which advertisements have on young people. Young people imitate what they see from different media and children are influenced into smoking from tobacco advertising. Although the companies say that advertising is aimed for adults yet they know that younger teenagers imitate the older images of cigarettes which are shown (Donnellan 8). The teenagers who own a tobacco promotional item and could name a brand of cigarettes were more than twice as likely to become smokers (Benier 1). This is a fact that the tendency which teenagers have to imitate the advertisements of cigarettes leads to the bad habit of smoking. The more exposed teenagers are to advertising the most likely are to become smokers. And smoking leads to the bad effects of tobacco use. The boy or girl you like will go away if you smell cigarette smoke. But this is nothing in comparison to the effects of smoking on every organ of your body. The tobacco smoke harms the health of the person who smokes (Hazard 1). Concluding, cigarette advertisements targeting young people should be banned to protect the teenagers from this unhealthy activity. The call by the World Health organization for a ban on advertising of smoking was published in May, the day before the World No tobacco day. This is a part of a 2008 effort to prevent tobacco companies from making advertisements attracting young people to smoke. Because the more tobacco advertisements young people see, the most they are likely to smoke (Chan 1). â€Å"Advertising and Children’s Use of Tobacco’’. National Institute of Media and Family. 18 Nov. 2004. 16 March 2009 mediafamily. org/facts/facts_tobacco. shtml. Bronwyn, Lamay. â€Å" Busting The Tobacco Ads†. KQCD Education. 2001. 26 May 2009 http://uw. kqed. org/edresources/plan. . â€Å"Call To Ban All Tobacco Adverts†. BBC News 31 May 2008. 24 Apr. 2009 newsvote. bbc. co. uk/. Chan, Margaret. Who Calls for Banning all Tobacco Advertising, Promotion. Nations Health 38. 6(Aug. 008): 21. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Amer. Coll. of Gr. Libraries, Athens, Gr. 9 rill 2009 ;http://web. ebscohost. com;. Donnellan, Craig, ed. â€Å"Children and Smoking†. Smoking and your Health. Vol. 86. Ser. 362. 2. Cambridge: Independence, 2004. Hayes, Susan. â€Å"Smoke Screen†. NewsBank Popular Periodicals Jan. 2009: 16 Hazard, Andrea. †Å"It Stinks To Smoke†. NewsBank Popular Periodicals Nov. 2008:32 â€Å"Hausa Film Stars Glamorize Smoking Of Cigarettes†. Triumph Weekend 17 March 2007. â€Å"Industry Arguments†. Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship. Nov. 2008 8 June 2009. ; tobaccofreecenter. org;.

Reinforcement in Applied Behavior Analysis

Reinforcement in Applied Behavior Analysis Reinforcement can mean lots of things to different people. In the science of Applied Behavior Analysis, it has a very specific and narrow definition. That it is narrowly defined by its function does not narrow the range of possibilities: it can be money, smiles, warm water or an infinite number of things. Reinforcement and ABA Reinforcement is any stimulus (something that a sensory organ can experience) that will increase the likelihood of a behavior reappearing. Can a high pitched noise be a reinforcer? Yes, if the organism finds it pleasurable. Can a punch in the face lead to reinforcement? Yes, if it eliminates some of the throbbing pain of a toothache. A practitioner of Applied Behavior Analysis will seek out the function of a behavior by questioning how a consequence of the behavior creates reinforcement for the client/patient/student. Reinforcement on a Continuum Reinforcement happens along a continuum from primary reinforcement ( food, water, other physical reinforcers ) to social reinforcers, such as social attention, praise or recognition. Many children with disabilities do not respond to secondary or social reinforcers since they dont actually function to provide reinforcement. A child who has spent money will find a quarter reinforcing whereas a child with severe autism or cognitive disabilities will not find a quarter reinforcing. Typical children and most adults generally respond to secondary and social reinforcement. We work long hours for monetary amounts that are deposited electrically into bank accounts we access online or with a credit card. The goal of ABA is to move children along the continuum to secondary reinforcers, so that they, too, will work for a paycheck and learn to make choices about how they use the result of their own labor. For many children with disabilities, that needs to be taught, and it is often learned by pairing primary reinforcers with social or secondary reinforcers. Choosing Reinforcement Once the replacement or target behavior is defined in an operational way, the ABA practitioner needs to find reinforcers that will drive the students/clients behavior. Children with significant disabilities may need to be reinforced with primary reinforcers, such as favorite foods, but unless this reinforcement is paired with social or secondary reinforcers, it can create an unhealthy and unsustainable reinforcement strategy. Many sensory reinforcers can be successful with children with significant disabilities, such as low functioning autism when you can discover what sort of sensory toy appeals to children. I have used buzzing toys, spinning toys, and even water play successfully as reinforcers with students with significant language and developmental disabilities. Some of these children like to play with musical toys. It is important to create a rich menu of reinforcers, and continuously add items into a childs reinforcement menu. Reinforcement, like all matters of taste, change. Also, students can sometimes become satiated by too much of a single reinforcer, whether its Blues Clues or Reeses Pieces. Often, practitioners will begin with a Reinforcer Assessment which can be done a number of different ways. A successful practitioner will ask parents or caregivers for the childs preferred foods, television shows or characters, activities, and toys. These are often a good place to start. Reinforcers can then be presented in a structured or unstructured way. Sometimes two or three items are placed in front of the child at a time, often pairing preferred items with new items. Sometimes you can present a child with a large number of reinforcers at one time, and eliminate items a child ignores. Reinforcement Schedules Research has evaluated regular reinforcement (on a schedule, from each correct response to every three or four responses) as well as variable reinforcement (within a range, such as every 3 to 5 correct behaviors.) It has shown that variable reinforcement is the most powerful. When a child/client discovers that they are reinforced for every third correct response, they rush to the third response. When they dont know exactly when they will be reinforced, they tend to have stronger responses, tend to generalize across environments and tend to retain the new behavior. The ratio is important: too high a ratio too early may not help the subject learn the target behavior, too low a ration may lead to reinforcement dependence. As a child/subject learns the target behavior, the practitioner can thin the reinforcement schedule, increasing the ratio, and spreading out the reinforcement over more correct responses. Discrete Trial Teaching Discrete Trial Training or Teaching (more acceptable now) is the principal delivery method for instruction in ABA, though ABA is increasingly employing more naturalistic methods, such as modeling and role-playing. Still, each trial is a three-step process: Instruction, Response, and Feedback. The reinforcement happens during the feedback part of the trial. During feedback, you want to name the target behavior ¸ and in initial trials, you want to begin with a one to one reinforcement schedule. You will reinforce every correct response in a one to one schedule, so your student understands that he/she gets the goodies every time they give you the behavior you want. Success in Reinforcement The most successful reinforcement is when a child/client begins to reinforce themselves. That is the intrinsic reinforcement that some of us receive for doing the things that we value or enjoy the most. But lets face it. None of us would go to work without the paycheck, though many of us accept a lower paycheck (as lowly teachers) because we do love what we do. Success, for many students with disabilities, is to learn to find social interaction, praise and appropriate social interaction as reinforcers, so that they acquire age-appropriate social skills and function. Our hope is that our students will gain the level of social and cognitive function that will give them full and meaningful lives. Appropriate reinforcement will help them achieve that.

Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Response - Essay Example continuity: It is the only nation on earth that inhabits the same land, bears the same name, speaks the same language, and worships the same God that it did 3,000 years ago†¦Ã¢â‚¬  To some extent Israel only regained its independence because of the guilt over the Holocaust. Because of the advancement of technologies, the Holocaust was documented through statistics, pictures, and some film footage. The difference in Australia was little tangible proof of the atrocities toward the Indigenous people, these people were terra nullius (no one lived there), and they were treated as â€Å"invisible†, living as hordes in tribal form. While Britain came building structures, setting rules, and demanding that the Indigenous people join their culture. As Israel, Charles highlighted, looks whole, even after being controlled and ruled by many empires, the Jews still kept their own culture. This culture was even recognized by the British. The difference is the publicity of the Holocaust versus the Indigenous Australians. Because society differ from one another, even if the societies seem to have some common features, such as their historical domination over indigenous populations and the processes by which older political ‘settlement’ are being unsettled in the recent years in the face of dynamic and renewed indigenous challenge. They are not distinguishable from other kinds of (post) colonial societies (Curthoys, p.20). 3. Do you agree with Curthoy’s argument that Australians resist coming to terms with their colonial past because they see themselves as victims? Yes. Australians see themselves as victims, not oppressors. In non-indigenous Australian popular culture, people see themselves as victims of ‘large economics forces, middle class elites and powerful nations overseas. An example we can see through such as WWII and Anzac Myth which Over 8,000 Australian soldiers were killed. News of the landing at Gallipoli made a profound impact on Australians at