How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. Essay Example

How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. Essay Example How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. Essay How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. Essay How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. At the age of fourteen, I had my first puff of smoke. Even before that I knew a lot of cigarette brands due to advertising. Since then I started smoking and when I went to cafeterias and clubs the people who were promoting cigarettes would offer me a new brand to try and gave me free packs of cigarettes and a lighter with their brand. They didn’t mind how old I was, they just wanted to give them away and promote their product. But except this kind of advertisement, I had seen lots of tobacco advertisements on billboards which made me believe that everything is ok if I smoke. This is a false impression that tobacco advertisements picture to teenagers. Tobacco advertisements influence teenagers by glamorizing smoking. The World Health Organization blamed the advertisers for attracting young people, by representing cigarettes with being glamorous, energetic and attractive (BBC News 1). Except that, is how big the billboards are (see fig. 1 and fig. 2). Fig. 1. Photograph of a billboard advertising Peter Stuyvesant cigarettes Fig. 2. Billboard, featuring a man leaning against a boat and smoking, with the caption Slow Down. Pleasure Up. Even teenagers can see these big advertisements and they imitate what they see from different media which influences them into smoking. Although tobacco advertisers say that their advertisements are aimed for adults, yet this is not true because teenagers imitate those images . The glamorization of tobacco, the positive impression which teenagers get from tobacco advertising and the effects of advertisement are the main reasons why tobacco advertising attracting teenagers should be banned. Banning tobacco advertisements at places where teenagers are able to see them, means ban at all public places which leads to violation of companies’ rights. Young people go everywhere and since the advertisements are put everywhere the advertisers wont be able to advertise tobacco anymore. This means that the advertisers might lose their jobs. But there will be no violation of companies rights if they advertise their product in a different way. The cigarette expenses’ were replaced by advertising cigarettes with another way without profits or loss of the advertisers jobs. This has been tested in a number of European Union countries, which have banned tobacco advertising (Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship 2). They will still be able to advertise their product but only to adults. A way for the advertisers to do that, is to make a magazine advertising all the cigarette brands, in a way of attracting smokers. And this magazine be purchased only by adults over the age of twenty five years old and the salesmen should always ask for an identity. Another way to advertise cigarettes at adult smokers, is to offer them free packs of cigarettes at cafes and clubs. But also ask for an identity before giving them the free pack. The first main reason why tobacco advertising attracting teenagers should be forbidden is that the advertisers glamorize smoking. They use billboards, bus stops, the movies and kiosks (see fig. 3) to advertise cigarettes. Fig. 3. A new stand in Athens with a tent with a Davidoff advertisement. They present the Davidoff cigarettes with a sexy, successful, rich and smart man. Also they have put the slogan â€Å"the more you know† which gives the impression that smoking Davidoff will make you know more things or become smarter. They have glamorized their product in such a way for teenagers to believe that if they smoke Davidoff they will be successful, rich and smart. The advertisements create the image of smoking as cool, acceptable and popular among independent, active and fun-loving people. The advertisements at billboards and bus stops are presented in the same way. The bad thing with the bus stops advertisements is that they are placed not even a meter from the ground, where even a baby can see and touch them. But in the movies there is a big deference, because there are actors and actresses which are successful and well known and the glamorization effectiveness is bigger than in any other advertisement. The second reason why tobacco advertising attracting teenagers should be forbidden is the positive impression which teenagers get from tobacco advertising. When teenagers see a tobacco advertisement showing smokers who are pictured with lots of friends, they feel they want to be cool or successful socially. This is how the advertisements play into the natural insecurities of young people. Also when the teenagers see the Virginia Slims advertisements they get the impression that smoking will make them beautiful and thinner. But this is not true, because it destroys the beauty. The tobacco companies use this confusion that many young people think (KQED). The advertisements connect smoking with romantic relationships. Because many people want to feel emotionally secure and physically attractive advertisements create a false impression between smoking and finding the soul-mate. Another way to advertise their product is to put healthy, successful and thin role models to act in such a way to attract teens. A recent report from the National Cancer Institute strongly suggests that tobacco advertising and the depiction of cigarette smoking in movies can encourage teenagers to start smoking (Hayes 1). Also Hausa film Industry stars glamorize the smoking of cigarettes and the rate of this glamorization is very big. Young people imitate the actors and actresses, who are passing a fake message to young people, that smoking can bring success and popularity. Although it is an unreal message and young people should be aware of it because there are a lot of dangers if they believe it (Triumph Weekend 1). The advertisers try to convince teenagers that smoking is a mature adult activity creating them the feeling that if they smoke they will be as much mature as an adult. But nothing from the feelings they create is true because smoking can’t make people smarter, thinner, attracting, beautiful even more mature. The third reason why tobacco advertising attracting teenagers should be forbidden is the effect which advertisements have on young people. Young people imitate what they see from different media and children are influenced into smoking from tobacco advertising. Although the companies say that advertising is aimed for adults yet they know that younger teenagers imitate the older images of cigarettes which are shown (Donnellan 8). The teenagers who own a tobacco promotional item and could name a brand of cigarettes were more than twice as likely to become smokers (Benier 1). This is a fact that the tendency which teenagers have to imitate the advertisements of cigarettes leads to the bad habit of smoking. The more exposed teenagers are to advertising the most likely are to become smokers. And smoking leads to the bad effects of tobacco use. The boy or girl you like will go away if you smell cigarette smoke. But this is nothing in comparison to the effects of smoking on every organ of your body. The tobacco smoke harms the health of the person who smokes (Hazard 1). Concluding, cigarette advertisements targeting young people should be banned to protect the teenagers from this unhealthy activity. The call by the World Health organization for a ban on advertising of smoking was published in May, the day before the World No tobacco day. This is a part of a 2008 effort to prevent tobacco companies from making advertisements attracting young people to smoke. Because the more tobacco advertisements young people see, the most they are likely to smoke (Chan 1). â€Å"Advertising and Children’s Use of Tobacco’’. National Institute of Media and Family. 18 Nov. 2004. 16 March 2009 mediafamily. org/facts/facts_tobacco. shtml. Bronwyn, Lamay. â€Å" Busting The Tobacco Ads†. KQCD Education. 2001. 26 May 2009 http://uw. kqed. org/edresources/plan. . â€Å"Call To Ban All Tobacco Adverts†. BBC News 31 May 2008. 24 Apr. 2009 newsvote. bbc. co. uk/. Chan, Margaret. Who Calls for Banning all Tobacco Advertising, Promotion. Nations Health 38. 6(Aug. 008): 21. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Amer. Coll. of Gr. Libraries, Athens, Gr. 9 rill 2009 ;http://web. ebscohost. com;. Donnellan, Craig, ed. â€Å"Children and Smoking†. Smoking and your Health. Vol. 86. Ser. 362. 2. Cambridge: Independence, 2004. Hayes, Susan. â€Å"Smoke Screen†. NewsBank Popular Periodicals Jan. 2009: 16 Hazard, Andrea. †Å"It Stinks To Smoke†. NewsBank Popular Periodicals Nov. 2008:32 â€Å"Hausa Film Stars Glamorize Smoking Of Cigarettes†. Triumph Weekend 17 March 2007. â€Å"Industry Arguments†. Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship. Nov. 2008 8 June 2009. ; tobaccofreecenter. org;.

Reinforcement in Applied Behavior Analysis

Reinforcement in Applied Behavior Analysis Reinforcement can mean lots of things to different people. In the science of Applied Behavior Analysis, it has a very specific and narrow definition. That it is narrowly defined by its function does not narrow the range of possibilities: it can be money, smiles, warm water or an infinite number of things. Reinforcement and ABA Reinforcement is any stimulus (something that a sensory organ can experience) that will increase the likelihood of a behavior reappearing. Can a high pitched noise be a reinforcer? Yes, if the organism finds it pleasurable. Can a punch in the face lead to reinforcement? Yes, if it eliminates some of the throbbing pain of a toothache. A practitioner of Applied Behavior Analysis will seek out the function of a behavior by questioning how a consequence of the behavior creates reinforcement for the client/patient/student. Reinforcement on a Continuum Reinforcement happens along a continuum from primary reinforcement ( food, water, other physical reinforcers ) to social reinforcers, such as social attention, praise or recognition. Many children with disabilities do not respond to secondary or social reinforcers since they dont actually function to provide reinforcement. A child who has spent money will find a quarter reinforcing whereas a child with severe autism or cognitive disabilities will not find a quarter reinforcing. Typical children and most adults generally respond to secondary and social reinforcement. We work long hours for monetary amounts that are deposited electrically into bank accounts we access online or with a credit card. The goal of ABA is to move children along the continuum to secondary reinforcers, so that they, too, will work for a paycheck and learn to make choices about how they use the result of their own labor. For many children with disabilities, that needs to be taught, and it is often learned by pairing primary reinforcers with social or secondary reinforcers. Choosing Reinforcement Once the replacement or target behavior is defined in an operational way, the ABA practitioner needs to find reinforcers that will drive the students/clients behavior. Children with significant disabilities may need to be reinforced with primary reinforcers, such as favorite foods, but unless this reinforcement is paired with social or secondary reinforcers, it can create an unhealthy and unsustainable reinforcement strategy. Many sensory reinforcers can be successful with children with significant disabilities, such as low functioning autism when you can discover what sort of sensory toy appeals to children. I have used buzzing toys, spinning toys, and even water play successfully as reinforcers with students with significant language and developmental disabilities. Some of these children like to play with musical toys. It is important to create a rich menu of reinforcers, and continuously add items into a childs reinforcement menu. Reinforcement, like all matters of taste, change. Also, students can sometimes become satiated by too much of a single reinforcer, whether its Blues Clues or Reeses Pieces. Often, practitioners will begin with a Reinforcer Assessment which can be done a number of different ways. A successful practitioner will ask parents or caregivers for the childs preferred foods, television shows or characters, activities, and toys. These are often a good place to start. Reinforcers can then be presented in a structured or unstructured way. Sometimes two or three items are placed in front of the child at a time, often pairing preferred items with new items. Sometimes you can present a child with a large number of reinforcers at one time, and eliminate items a child ignores. Reinforcement Schedules Research has evaluated regular reinforcement (on a schedule, from each correct response to every three or four responses) as well as variable reinforcement (within a range, such as every 3 to 5 correct behaviors.) It has shown that variable reinforcement is the most powerful. When a child/client discovers that they are reinforced for every third correct response, they rush to the third response. When they dont know exactly when they will be reinforced, they tend to have stronger responses, tend to generalize across environments and tend to retain the new behavior. The ratio is important: too high a ratio too early may not help the subject learn the target behavior, too low a ration may lead to reinforcement dependence. As a child/subject learns the target behavior, the practitioner can thin the reinforcement schedule, increasing the ratio, and spreading out the reinforcement over more correct responses. Discrete Trial Teaching Discrete Trial Training or Teaching (more acceptable now) is the principal delivery method for instruction in ABA, though ABA is increasingly employing more naturalistic methods, such as modeling and role-playing. Still, each trial is a three-step process: Instruction, Response, and Feedback. The reinforcement happens during the feedback part of the trial. During feedback, you want to name the target behavior ¸ and in initial trials, you want to begin with a one to one reinforcement schedule. You will reinforce every correct response in a one to one schedule, so your student understands that he/she gets the goodies every time they give you the behavior you want. Success in Reinforcement The most successful reinforcement is when a child/client begins to reinforce themselves. That is the intrinsic reinforcement that some of us receive for doing the things that we value or enjoy the most. But lets face it. None of us would go to work without the paycheck, though many of us accept a lower paycheck (as lowly teachers) because we do love what we do. Success, for many students with disabilities, is to learn to find social interaction, praise and appropriate social interaction as reinforcers, so that they acquire age-appropriate social skills and function. Our hope is that our students will gain the level of social and cognitive function that will give them full and meaningful lives. Appropriate reinforcement will help them achieve that.

Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Response - Essay Example continuity: It is the only nation on earth that inhabits the same land, bears the same name, speaks the same language, and worships the same God that it did 3,000 years ago†¦Ã¢â‚¬  To some extent Israel only regained its independence because of the guilt over the Holocaust. Because of the advancement of technologies, the Holocaust was documented through statistics, pictures, and some film footage. The difference in Australia was little tangible proof of the atrocities toward the Indigenous people, these people were terra nullius (no one lived there), and they were treated as â€Å"invisible†, living as hordes in tribal form. While Britain came building structures, setting rules, and demanding that the Indigenous people join their culture. As Israel, Charles highlighted, looks whole, even after being controlled and ruled by many empires, the Jews still kept their own culture. This culture was even recognized by the British. The difference is the publicity of the Holocaust versus the Indigenous Australians. Because society differ from one another, even if the societies seem to have some common features, such as their historical domination over indigenous populations and the processes by which older political ‘settlement’ are being unsettled in the recent years in the face of dynamic and renewed indigenous challenge. They are not distinguishable from other kinds of (post) colonial societies (Curthoys, p.20). 3. Do you agree with Curthoy’s argument that Australians resist coming to terms with their colonial past because they see themselves as victims? Yes. Australians see themselves as victims, not oppressors. In non-indigenous Australian popular culture, people see themselves as victims of ‘large economics forces, middle class elites and powerful nations overseas. An example we can see through such as WWII and Anzac Myth which Over 8,000 Australian soldiers were killed. News of the landing at Gallipoli made a profound impact on Australians at

Produce a component drawing suitable for transfer onto a CAM system Essay

Produce a component drawing suitable for transfer onto a CAM system (Mechanical Engineering) - Essay Example in the industry because of several reasons including improved design quality, increased productivity, establishment of data base for manufacturing, creation of standards for design and doing away of inaccuracies brought about by hand-copying of several drafting as well as drawings’ inconsistency (Introduction to CAD, 2008). CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) refers to the effective employment of the computer technology for manufacturing planning and control. CAM is concerned with manufacturing engineering processes including planning and scheduling of manufacturing processes, machining operations, control of quality of production processes and products as well as Numerical Control (NC) part programming. Computer-aided manufacturing is usually integrated with Computer Aided Design in CAD/CAM systems. This allows movement of information from design section to product production planning with no need of entering the data manually on the part geometry(Introduction to CAD, 2008). CAM develops the information stored by CAD into information which is used as instructions for running and controlling production operations, machining, materials and equipment handling, product inspection and automatic testing. The rationale for CAD/CAM comes out to justify improvements based on technology as far as manufacturing is concerned. This approach grows as a result of the need to make improvements on quality, productivity and product competitiveness. Other major reasons include: Better quality of the produced goods, better communication, higher production level, manufacturing common database, lowered prototype costs of construction and quicker customers’ response(Introduction to CAD, 2008). The necessary hardware part for a CAD/CAM system includes components such as a digital computer, workstation, plotters and output put devices as well as storage devices. The system, in addition to this encompasses an interface communication which usually enables data transmission to other

Introduction Building Service Essay Example for Free

Introduction Building Service Essay Building service is one of the important parts for a building because it will make a building to function well. Building service is responsible for the design, installation, and operation and monitoring of the mechanical, electrical and public health systems required for the safe, comfortable and environmentally friendly operation of modern buildings. Modern technology of building service can make a building to become more safety or more comfortable. While building developers are increasingly being asked to analyze and improve building security, developing technologies assisting engineers in the pursuit of safe working environments couldnt have better timing. Hence, innovation of new building service is important so that the level of safety and comfortable can be increases. Building services influence the architecture of a building and play a significant role on the sustainability and energy demand of a building. Within building services engineering, new roles are emerging, for example in the areas of renewable energy, sustainability, low carbon technologies and energy management. With buildings accounting for around 50% of all carbon emissions, building services engineers play a significant role in combating climate change. As such, a typical building services engineer has a wide-ranging career path. Communication lines, telephones and IT networks (ICT) also make an important role in building service, and the modern technology for the ICT is fiber optics that makes use of fiber optics than normal internet cable, hence this can hugely increases the speed of internet because fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so they can be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in tight spaces. Due to the environment change in society, the comfort level and safety in nowadays on a building is still not enough to completely cover up. This assignment is talk about the modern technology of building service, that important of innovation of technology of building service can be made our living style in a building to be easier.

The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner Essay -- Slavery The Sound

The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner One of the main realities of human existence is the constant, unceasing passage of time. The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner explores this reality of time in many new and unexpected ways as he tells the tragic tail of the Compson family. The Compsons are an old Southern aristocratic family to whom time has not been kind. Years of degeneration mainly stemming from slavery have brought them to the brink of destruction. Most of the story focuses on the Compson children who are undergoing the worst of the social and moral decay. Each of the four children perceives time in a much different way but by far the strangest and most bizarre attitude toward time that is given in the text is held by one of the three male children, Quentin. He is totally consumed with his past and at times can think of nothing else. He also becomes determined to stop time itself—a futile effort that will eventually force him to take his own life. Quentin’s obsession with the past and with the passage of time is a central theme of not only the Quentin section but of the entire book, and it is the key to understanding what Faulkner is trying to say about the decay of Southern culture and traditions. To fully understand the motif of time in the Quentin section it is first necessary to compare it with the different ways in which Faulkner uses time in the other three sections. The first section is narrated by the mentally retarded brother, Benjy, who has abs...

Computerised quotation system Essay

The task that I am going to provide a solution for is to produce a computerised quotation system for S & S Insurances. EXISTING SYSTEM: Thomas Davidson is currently a broker providing insurance for cars. At present he insures through a financial institution, S & S Finances. He is a broker working for the insurance company S & S Insurances. He has worked with many insurance companies in the past trying to find the best deal so that he can earn a good amount of profit. He finally made a deal with S & S Insurances in which he can gain a good amount of commission. His job is to find customers who would like to buy insurance for their cars and he gains a commission of 7.5% for each customer to whom he sells a quote. He started his career as a broker approximately three years ago after being made redundant as a factory worker assembling car parts. He has no employees working for him at the moment. However his wife helps him with the paperwork when she can. Thomas works full- time from his home study, which is located in the heart of Streatham. In the past Thomas has had a lot of experience dealing with customers and clients. He now has a number of devoted customers who frequently contact him when the renewal for their car insurance is due. Thomas usually interacts with his customers over the phone from his study; sometimes however he does conduct business at the home of his customer to their convenience. When Thomas finds an interested client he firstly explains to the client everything that is involved in the quote. In order for Thomas to calculate the insurance quote, he uses a calculator, a record of tables with the insurance ratings provided by S & S Insurances and his diary where he notes all the information down. The insurance ratings show a different variety of things the first table is the insurance group, which shows the basic cost for a car depending on the car’s make, price and power. The more expensive and powerful the car, higher the basic cost. Thomas then adjusts the basic cost by multiplying it by various factors, which could affect the insurance. Age is also a factor, the older the driver is, the less they are considered as a risk. Sex is also a factor; a female is considered as a less of a risk than males. The area you live in is also a criterion which Thomas considers before issuing an insurance quote, if you live in a high risk sensitive area you are likely to pay more. The customer can then choose what type of insurance he would like; third party only, third party fire and theft or fully comprehensive. The insurance also offers an extra driver criterion, which can be added at an increased cost. Thomas then offers a discount to the customers if they have had no claims varying from the past year or five years. Thomas then calculates the quote by multiplying the basic cost with all the factor multipliers and seeing if they can get a discount and then giving the customer the final result. Thomas writes all of the things discussed and quotations in his diary. If the client agrees to go ahead with the quote after hearing the final cost, Thomas makes a word- processed quote, which he then sends to S & S Insurances. From there S & S Insurances make the actual policy and then send it directly to the customer. Thomas does possess a computer and laptop at home, which his children use for educational purposes. Thomas has very little knowledge about using computers, however to produce the insurance quotes which are word-processed his daughter helps him and recently Thomas has started to produce the quotes by himself since he is gradually learning to use a computer, even though he is slow with the typing. Thomas makes hand-written notes about all his clients, their details and policies, which is time consuming and can get tiring and boring despite having a computer due to his lack of computer skills. Furthermore sometimes Thomas’ wife also helps him with the paperwork, if there are too many customers wishing to have a quote ready. Thomas says that most of his customers find out about his business by word of mouth or from the consequence of the advert he has placed in the local newspaper, if he could he would also like to attract more customers to increase the standard of his living. Thomas Davidson finds the existing manual way he issues quotes prolonged and exhausting and would like to automate the system. He would also prefer to make more use of his laptop, however his lack of computer skills is a problem and therefore would like to be able to issue quotes on a simple and straightforward system. He would also like to automate the system so that it would be much faster to issue quotes and therefore would not have to spend too much time doing things manually. At the moment he hardly gets anytime to spend with his children especially when there is a heavy workload. Thomas feels that if he were able to get the system to be computerised he would like to employ some staff and expand and preferably shift into an office. He would also like to work with more than one insurance company at the same time if possible in the near future. CONSTRAINTS: There are not many constraints however there are a few which are important. My user Thomas Davidson has no experience of using a computer except for possessing basic typing skills. This means the system will have to be easy and simple to use and understand. Another constraint is time, although my user does not want the system to be made immediately or as soon as possible. However he would like the computerised system to be created soon so that he can use it and update all his handwritten manual notes onto the system and be able to use it with future clients. USER REQUIREMENTS: My user is Thomas Davidson, who is a broker for S & S Insurances for whom I will be creating a computerised quotation system. He would like the following requirements to be taken into account. * To be able to see the total cost of the insurance quote. * To be able to see the total cost of the insurance quote before a discount is given. * To be able to print the quotation. * To make sure that system is safe and secure. * To be able to see the details of all the customers such as; forename, surname, age, and the type of insurance they would like. * To be able to store the issued quotes so that they can be used at a later date. * To enable phone enquiries to be dealt much quickly. * To make the system user- friendly. * To make sure the data entered is accurate. * To make the system look professional, systematic and organised. QUANTITATIVE OBJECTIVES: * To use a formula to work out the total cost of the insurance quote. * To use another formula to work out the cost of the quote excluding the discount. * To be able to print multiple copies of the quotes. * To make the system password protected so a password will be needed in order to enter the system. * To make sure the details about the customers’ names, surnames, addresses, age and other details can be seen. * To be able to use a command button so data can be stored. * To use drop down boxes to be able to select options. QUALITATIVE OBJECTIVES: * To make the system user- friendly I will create a user interface so that it is easy to move around the system. * To make the system look professional and organised. PERFORMANCE CRITERIAS: * The system should be able to use a formula in order to work out the total cost of the insurance quote. * The system should be able to use a calculation in order to work out the cost of the insurance excluding the discount. * The system should be able to print multiple copies of the insurance quotation. * The system should be password enable, so a password will be needed in order to access the system to make sure the system is safe. * The system should show all the details about the customers such as names, surnames, addresses and other details. * The system should be able to store the issued quotes so that they can be used at a later date. * The system should have drop down boxes so the user can select options quickly and easily. NEW SYSTEM: HARDWARE: In order to computerise the quotation system I will need a Windows XP computer. I will also need a QWERTY keyboard and a mouse in order to input the data into the spreadsheet. I will be using the hard drive to save the spreadsheet on an internal storage. I will also be saving the spreadsheet on an external storage such as CR-RW so that I have a back- up copy of the data in case the original copy is deleted I will still have another copy. I will also be using a VDU (visual display unit) to see the spreadsheet. I will also be using a printer to print out the quotes so that the user can see them and then send them to S & S Insurances. SOFTWARE: In order to produce the car insurance quotation system I will be using spreadsheet software for many reasons. In a spreadsheet I can use many of the features which will enable me to produce an efficient quotation system. I can use macros, list boxes, combo boxes, V Lookup, IF statements and other features in the system. There is other software such as a word- processor or a database but they are not suitable for this quotation system. Although you can make tables and do basic calculations they are only limited as they are not mainly designed for that purpose. I will be using Microsoft Excel 2003 as I do not have any other spreadsheet software available on my computer. I will also use it as I am more familiar with it as I have used it many times in the past. SECURITY: I will need to make sure the spreadsheet I create will be kept safe and secure. I will need to make sure the data is secure as I will need to follow the Data Protection Act 1998. In order to comply with the law I will keep the data safe by having cell protection so if anyone other than me or the user accesses the data he will need to enter the password in order to alter the information. I will also keep a backup copy of the system so if the user loses the original copy he will still have another backup copy. INPUT, PROCESSES AND OUTPUT: Input: I will input all the data required using a keyboard into the spreadsheet. The input data I will need in order to produce the quotation system are all the customer details and the headings. I will require the following specific data about the customers: forename, surname, address, sex, model and make of the car. I will also need the age of the driver, which will be in a grouped arrangement e.g. 17- 19 or 60- 65. The type of insurance the driver wants will also be required whether it is, fully comprehensive, third party only or third party fire and theft. I will abbreviate the type of insurance to make it shorter so it would be much quicker to type and also easier. I will also need to know what type of area the driver lives in, as this could be a risk factor, low, medium or high. I will also need to know if the driver would like to state an extra driver or not. I will also need to know the number of claims the driver has made in the past 4 years and whether he is eligible for a discount. The other details I will need to know is about the insurance and which rating the cars are allocated according to their power and cost. I will also need to know about the multipliers so that I can work what I need to multiple the costs, these will be allocated to the sex, age of driver, risk of area and insurance and type. The final detail I will need to know are the number of penalty points the customer has, as having more conviction point will increase the cost of the insurance quote. Processes: In order to create the quotation system I will need to carry out a number of processes with the input data in order to produce the output. The fixed data will be the data that I will not change on the spreadsheet such as the main headings e.g.: forename, surname, address. The variable data will be the data that will change. The data that will need to be changed are all the details about the customer and his car. In order to fulfil the following user requirements I will carry out a number of processes: * To be able to see the total cost of the insurance quote and to be able to see the total cost of the insurance quote before a discount is given. I will be using a formula to calculate the total costs of the quote and also to work out the cost excluding the discount. I will be using a simple Auto sum calculation in order to do this. In order to work out the total cost I will need to use a V Lookup formula. A V Lookup searches for a value in the leftmost column of a table, and then returns a value in the same rows from a column you specify in the table. I will be using a V Lookup formula since I will having different things on different sheets it will need to lookup the values in other cells. * To be able to print the quotation. In order to do this the user can use the menu options on the toolbar however to make it easier for the user I will have a macro. * To make sure that system is safe and secure. In order to keep the data safe I will be using cell protection. I will be keeping a password so when someone accesses the file he will be prompted to enter the password. If the password entered is correct he will gain access and be able to change the data. However if an incorrect password is entered an error message will appear informing the user he cannot gain access. * To be able to see the details of all the customers such as; forename, surname, age, and the type of insurance they would like. In order to do this I will have a sheet where the details about the customer can be seen. * To be able to store the issued quotes so that they can be used at a later date. In order to do this I will be using macros. Macro is a feature that stores a series of commands so that the user can use them with a single command. I will be using macros for various things such as printing the quote, storing the quotes, to view the quotes and other tasks. * To enable phone enquiries to be dealt much quickly. In order to fulfil this requirement I will be using a variety of buttons to make it easier for the user. Option buttons are used for choosing one item from a list of options, where you can select one option button at a time. I will be using them so the user can select the sex of the driver, either male or female. Combo boxes can also be called drop- down boxes, which offer a number of choices to the user, one of which maybe selected. I will be using a combo box so that my user can select the driver’s car. By selecting on the drop- down arrow will provide the models of the cars. A list box and combo boxes are alike however a list box shows the choices available without having to click on the arrow. I will be using a list box for the risk assessment of the area and type of insurance, as there are only three options from which the user can select. A check box is a box, which can either be selected or unselected, when you click on the box a tick appears in the box. I will be using a check box for the declaration of the extra driver. A spinner is made up of two arrows, one point up and the other down. By clicking on the up arrow increases the value and the down arrow decreases the value. I will be using the spinner to choose the number of years the driver has made no claims. I will also be using IF statements in order to see the values of the check box which will check whether the customer would like an extra driver. * To make the system user- friendly. In order to make the printed quote professional and organised I will be adding the name of the company, address, telephone numbers and the company logo at the top. I will also arrange all the information into sections and add colour to make it look more attractive. I will create the macros into buttons so the user can quickly carry the tasks. I will also add a front end to the system. A front end is the name given to the user-friendly interface that will appear on the screen when the file is loaded. It will provide the user with a number of options. Once the data has been entered I will need to rename the worksheets and insert a defined name for certain data which will be used in calculations. Output: The output will be the full quote details, which will be on the screen of the computer showing the customer name, address, car details, and the cost of the insurance and without the discount. The output on the screen will also show the macros, which can be used to navigate around the system. The other output will be the fully modified and professional printed quote that will show the company logo along with the company’s address and contact numbers. It will also show the issue date, all the details about the quote and the expiry date of the quote.

Girl Interrupted Character Analysis Essay

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by intense shifts in mood. This is often accompanied by periods of intense aggression, substance abuse, and self damaging behaviors. People with borderline personality disorder will sometimes attempt suicide impulsively in periods of extreme depression or anger. Often times people with borderline personality disorder feel extremely bored, empty, mistreated and alone. Intense feelings of loneliness usually are followed by frantic efforts to avoid being alone. Suzanne is initially institutionalized for taking a bottle of aspirin with a bottle of vodka. She claims that she was not trying to kill herself, but only get rid of a headache. At the beginning Suzanne claimed that she had no bones in her hand. This fits more with a delusional disorder. Suzanne often exhibits spontaneous damaging behavior that is mainly sexual. Other spontaneous behaviors include breaking out of the hospital, stealing her medical files, and not taking medication. She also aids in drugging a nurse and steals a guitar from the art room to help cheer up another patient. Spontaneous dangerous behavior is one of the major signs of borderline personality disorder. Suzanne has strange ideas about her symptoms and diagnosis, the major example being the bones in her hand disappearing and then reappearing. She often seeks to be alone; shows many social anxieties around people and had a lack of close friends on outside of the hospital. These symptoms go along with schizotypal personality disorder. Contradictions to the possible schizotypal personality disorder would include that she is sometimes the â€Å"life of the party† which falls in line more with borderlines. She also desperately seeks male attention leading to her promiscuous sexual behavior that goes against the seeking of complete isolation often exhibited by others with scizotypal personality disorder. Her social anxieties are not clear in the movie and it is unknown whether they are because of negative feelings about her or whether she has paranoid fears. Despite the schizotypal possibility it is more likely that she has borderline personality disorder. This is because she clearly exhibits the majority of the signs of someone with borderline personality disorder including self destructive behavior, feelings of emptiness, intense shifts in mood lasting only a short period of time, consistent suicide ideation, feelings of â€Å"rejection and not fitting in.† Even the schizotypal symptoms can be explained by borderline personality disorder. People with borderline personality disorder often have odd thinking, quasipsychosis, and unusual perceptions. Although Suzanne showed symptoms of many types of disorders, the Borderline that she was diagnosed with was the most fitting and prevelant in her actions in the movie.

Reader-profile questionnaire - Emphasis

Reader-profile questionnaire Reader-profile questionnaire That business writing should be centred on the readers needs is not exactly earth-shattering news. But putting this maxim into practice is a different matter altogether. Reader-centred writing If youre like most people, youre much more likely to be focused on your own needs such as impressing your manager or getting the task of writing the email or report off your to-do list than on those of your audience. So you need to take definitive action to switch yourself out of this default position. Nor is it enough to identify the areas of the subject that are going to be most useful to the reader(s). You also need to gauge their likely level of interest. And, of course, if they have very little interest in the subject, you will need to work extra hard to grab and keep their attention. You can find out more about grabbing and keeping attention on our courses. But for now, you can download our free reader-profile questionnaire to help you focus on the needs of your audience.

How Eli Whitney Invented the Cottin Gin

How Eli Whitney Invented the Cottin Gin Eli Whitney was the inventor of the cotton gin and a pioneer in the mass production of cotton. Whitney was born in Westboro, Massachusetts on December 8, 1765, and died on January 8, 1825. He graduated from Yale College in 1792. By April 1793, Whitney had designed and constructed the cotton gin, a machine that automated the separation of cottonseed from the short-staple cotton fiber. Advantages of Eli Whitneys Cotton Gin Eli Whitneys invention of the cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States. Prior to his invention, farming cotton required hundreds of man-hours to separate the cottonseed from the raw cotton fibers. Simple seed-removing devices have been around for centuries, however, Eli Whitneys invention automated the seed separation process. His machine could generate up to fifty pounds of cleaned cotton daily, making cotton production profitable for the southern states. Eli Whitney Business Woes Eli Whitney failed to profit from his invention because limitations of his machine appeared and his 1794 patent for the cotton gin could not be upheld in court until 1807. Whitney could not stop others from copying and selling his cotton gin design. Eli Whitney and his business partner Phineas Miller had decided to get into the ginning business themselves. They manufactured as many cotton gins as possible and installed them throughout Georgia and the southern states. They charged farmers an unusual fee for doing the ginning for them, two-fifths of the profits paid in cotton itself. Copies of the Cotton Gin And here, all their troubles began. Farmers throughout Georgia resented having to go to Eli Whitneys cotton gins where they had to pay what they regarded as an exorbitant tax. Instead planters began making their own versions of Eli Whitneys gin and claiming they were new inventions. Phineas Miller brought costly suits against the owners of these pirated versions but because of a loophole in the wording of the 1793 patent act, they were unable to win any suits until 1800, when the law was changed. Struggling to make a profit and mired in legal battles, the partners finally agreed to license gins at a reasonable price. In 1802, South Carolina agreed to purchase Eli Whitneys patent right for $50,000 but delayed in paying it. The partners also arranged to sell the patent rights to North Carolina and Tennessee. By the time even the Georgia courts recognized the wrongs done to Eli Whitney, only one year of his patent remained. In 1808 and again in 1812 he humbly petitioned Congress for a renewal of his patent. Eli Whitney - Other inventions In 1798, Eli Whitney invented a way to manufacture muskets by machine so that the parts were interchangeable. Ironically, it was as a manufacturer of muskets that Whitney finally became rich. The cotton gin is a device for removing the seeds from cotton fiber. Simple devices for that purpose have been around for centuries, an East Indian machine called a charka was used to separate the seeds from the lint when the fiber was pulled through a set of rollers. The charka was designed to work with long-staple cotton, but American cotton is a short-staple cotton. The cottonseed in Colonial America was removed by hand, usually the work of slaves. Eli Whitneys Cotton Gin Eli Whitneys machine was the first to clean short-staple cotton. His cotton engine consisted of spiked teeth mounted on a boxed revolving cylinder which, when turned by a crank, pulled the cotton fiber through small slotted openings so as to separate the seeds from the lint a rotating brush, operated via a belt and pulleys, removed the fibrous lint from the projecting spikes. The gins later became horse-drawn and water-powered gins and cotton production increased, along with lowered costs. Cotton soon became the number one selling textile. Demand For Cotton Grows After the invention of the cotton gin, the yield of raw cotton doubled each decade after 1800. Demand was fueled by other inventions of the Industrial Revolution, such as the machines to spin and weave it and the steamboat to transport it. By mid-century America was growing three-quarters of the worlds supply of cotton, most of it shipped to England or New England where it was manufactured into cloth. During this time tobacco fell in value, rice exports at best stayed steady, and sugar began to thrive, but only in Louisiana. At mid-century the South provided three-fifths of Americas exports, most of it in cotton. Modern Cotton Gins More recently devices for removing trash, drying, moisturizing, fractioning fiber, sorting, cleaning, and baling in 218-kg (480-lb) bundles have been added to modern cotton gins. Using electric power and air-blast or suction techniques, highly automated gins can produce 14 metric tons (15 U.S. tons) of cleaned cotton an hour.

Attributes of an Effective Teacher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Attributes of an Effective Teacher - Essay Example As opposed to the traditional perception that the duty of the teacher is to "stuff" students with knowledge, I agree with the Socratic philosophy that learning should be elicited from the students. The understanding that students are imbued with the innate capability to reason and indeed the capacity to learn by the constant utilization of this rational skill should be the first attribute of an effective teacher. I believe that a teacher should recognize this innate skill of the student because it will change the approach that he uses in teaching. Ever since I started to become a private tutor, I have always believed in the capacity of the mind of the student under my tutelage. Thus, instead of just spoon-feeding them and "stuffing" them with facts and information, I tried to sharpen their ability to reason by asking questions as we go along the lessons. Instead of directly explaining forward what happens during a physical change, I challenged them by describing what happens when ice turns into water. This approach enables them to participate more in the lesson and made them better scientists. I have been using this approach ever since and I am confident that I will be remembered as the tutor who did not only passed on knowledge but draw them out of the students. In effect, I significantly enhanced the rational ability of all the students who were under my tutelage. The second trait of an effective teacher is his possession of adequate knowledge coupled with mastery of his field. This follows with the logical argument that a person can never pass on what he does not have. It should be noted that what the student learn is limited with the amount of knowledge that the teacher posses. In the maximum, he can only be as good as the teacher and this makes it imperative for a teacher to equip himself with all the knowledge in his field possible. The basic requirement for a French as a second language teacher is the fluency and mastery of the French language. Having born and grown in Algeria, French has been my mother tongue and Arabic is my second language. Thus, I am more than fluent in French and more importantly, I am very much confident in English language skills which will also enable me to teach French efficiently to English speaking students. During my travels as a flight attendant, I have used both French and English in conversing with passeng ers. A teacher's knowledge is futile without the good communication skill to impart this to his students. I believe that knowing is different from communicating what you know. There are a lot of people who are gifted with knowledge but are unable to communicate them well. Thankfully, I am blessed with both abilities. Having worked as a bilingual client representative, I am tasked to communicate with customers through all their account situations imparting my knowledge as well as the service that they deserve. This has not been easy as I know that I was not just communicating facts but is representing the company with these dealings. However, my good communication skills helped the company to address customer concerns and retain major customers. Flexibility defines the commitment, dedication, and sincerity which a teacher puts in his profession.