The Case Of The Texas Family Code ß 54.02 ( A ) ( West...

) Analysis under Tex. Fam. Code  § 54.02(a) The court must initially examine Sophia Edwards’ case under the Texas Family Code  § 54.02(a) (West 2014). It sets forth three objective factors the court must find before considering whether to certify a minor for adult prosecution. In order to meet the first prong of this three-part test, Sophia must be facing felony charges. The drunken driving offense, if standing alone, could be classified as a misdemeanor. Tex. Penal Code  § 49.04 (West 2011). Sophia, however, faces aggravated charges due to her passenger s death. Under Texas law, this intoxication manslaughter charge is a second-degree felony offense that satisfies the first prong in this test. Tex. Penal Code  § 49.08 (West 2011). Under the second prong test of this section, the Court must examine the child s age and the type of felony. This subparagraph allows for adult prosecution of a 14 year old who commits more severe felonies but prohibits adult prosecution for 14 year olds facing second-degree felony charges. Sophia, however, was 16 years old at the time of the offense and thus falls under subparagraph 2b which allows for adult certification of older children facing less severe, second-degree felony charges. Tex. Fam. Code  § 54.02(a)(2)(B) (West 2014). Finally, the juvenile court must determine after a full investigation whether there is probable cause that Sophia committed the offense alleged, the seriousness of the alleged offense, Sophia’s background, and

Marjane Satrapis Persepolis Essay - 1403 Words

Western culture has often misperceived the east and the way that their society functions. In Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis, Satrapi uses graphic novels as a way to demonstrate to the western culture how the east has been misrepresented. The use of media helps to depict to the west how their views of the east may have been unfairly formed in the past. The media has only revealed limited knowledge that only shows partial perspectives because it is difficult to get perspectives of the minorities although they are the ones who hold the most truth. In other words the use of graphic novels and a child’s perspective give the west a new idea on how it is that society in the east functions. This style of writing brings the connection between the two†¦show more content†¦By allowing the reader to form their own perspective it â€Å"makes the reader reconsider the assumptions†¦[of the] so-called other† by giving the reader the freedom to perceive the events of the revolution as they wish and not reconsider the way that they once understood the people of the east to be (Darda 34). Satrapi is using her experience and graphic novels to show what her experience as a child was, she does not claim at any point to be telling the entire story of the revolution she is merely introducing a new perspective which up until that point had not been seen in the western countries. The concept of â€Å"making the hidden visible† allows the reader to understand the Israeli revolution in a way that is has not been viewed before (Chute 106). Through the strategic use of graphic novels it demonstrates the way that she experienced it first hand without the interruption of western style media. Graphic novels take away any assumptions that you may make about the revolution while reading it because you have the image right in front of you and there is no way for it to be misinterpreted. Due to the large impact that media has on the viewpoints and ideas of western citizens the westerns perspective of what is true and what doesn’t exist hasShow MoreRelated Marjane Satrapis Persepolis3668 Words   |  15 Pagesin the sudden transition. As a member of the Iranian diaspora, Marjane Satrapi endured many hardships in her efforts to transition from Middle Eastern culture to a more modernist Western culture. Her series of graphic novel memoirs, Persepolis, depict her childhood growing up in Iran during both the Islamic Revolution and the Iran- Iraq War, and moving to Austria as one of many emigrants of Iran at the time. Marjane Satrapis memoir is just one example of an exile bearing the burden of memoryRead MoreMarjane Satrapis Persepolis 2059 Words   |  9 PagesMarjane Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis is an expressive memoir of her growing up in Iran during the Islamic Revolution, the fall of the Shah’s regime and the Iran-Iraq War. The dictionary definition of a memoir is, the description of one’s personal life and experiences, and most writers use the conventional text format to write theirs but Satrapi has contributed to a whole new way of writing memoirs that may last for many generations to come. Unlike conventional memoirs, she uses the black-and-whiteRead MoreMarjane Satrapis Persepolis1238 Words   |  5 PagesPersepolis Review â€Å"One can forgive but one should never forget† is one of the quotes that Marjane Satrapi says in her memoir titled Persepolis. The memoir tells the story of Marjane when she was ten years old during the Islamic Revolution in the Middle East, specifically in her home country Iran. Most people evacuated the country because they knew there was not going to be a safe, prosperous future for their children. Due to Marji’s development from youth to maturity, she undergoes teenage rebellionRead MoreCultural Acceptance in Marjane Satrapis Persepolis1616 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Whitfield Logan English 102 Ighade 4-7-14 Cultural Acceptance in Persepolis Marjane Satrapi‘s graphic novel Persepolis  is an  autobiography that  depicts her childhood up to her early adult years in  Iran  during and after the  Islamic revolution.  Throughout the novel Satrapi incorporates character development, religion, and the conflict of freedom vs. confinement in order to develop a greater appreciation between two opposing eastern and western cultures. When analyzing the current relationshipRead More The Veil in Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesMarjane Satrapi’s Persepolis introduces the Islamic veil as an attempt by the Iranian government to control women. Islamic radicals promised safety and security for those who abided by their rules. Rebels who refused to wear the headscarf were threatened with beating, rape or death. These modern women who fought against religious oppression met the minimal requirements of the government rules to safely live in the hostile environment. Through being forced to wear the veil, the control of the IslamicRead MoreMarjane Satrapi’s Challenging of Stereotypes in Persepolis1059 Words   |  4 PagesMarjane Satrapi’s Challenging of Stereotypes in Persepolis In Marjane Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis, Satrapi states that her goal in writing the book was to dispel many of the hasty generalizations made by the Western world about Iran, a principal sentiment being that the country is little more than a nation founded by fundamentalists and home to terrorists and extremists. To combat the misconception, Satrapi enlists the assistance of examples from her adolescence of barriers and dissent towardsRead MoreMarjane Satrapi’s Challenging of Stereotypes in Persepolis Essay example1112 Words   |  5 PagesIn Marjane Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis, Satrapi states that her goal in writing the book was to dispel many of the hasty generalizations made by the western world about Iran, a principal sentiment being that the country is little more than a nation founded by fundamentalists and home to terrorists and extremists. To combat the misconception, Satrapi enlists the assistance examples of barriers and dissent towards the new conservative regime in Iran from her adolescence. By employing eventsRead MoreAnalysis Of Marjane Satrapis Graphic Novel Persepolis823 Words   |  4 Pages Marjane Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis, illustrates her own experience of the Iranian world through revolutions and corrupt dictatorship. Throughout her life, Marji is faced with numerous hardships that challenge her life from a young age. From struggling to adapt into diverging cultures to standing up for her identity, Marji’s conflicts force her to choose between family and herself. Unlike the people from her homeland, Marji has many opportunities to explore her liberty, however, she hasRead MoreMarjane Satrapis Persepolis: A Personal Version and Vision of the Iranian Revolution1341 Words   |  5 PagesPersepolis: Marjane Satrapis personal version and vision of the Iranian Revolution Marjane Satrapis Persepolis is a graphic novel that suggests that there is a sharp discrepancy between the world of the Iranian Revolution, as depicted in the Western media, versus how many Iranians experienced it in the context of their own lives. Satrapi was the product of a liberal home environment. Behind closed doors, the life the young Marjane led was often very different from the images of burka-wearingRead MoreEssay on The Role of Women in Marjane Satrapis Persepolis 1111 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout Persepolis, Marjane Satrapi displays the vital role that the women around her have in developing her character and becoming the woman she is today. Women such as her mother, her grandmother, her school teachers, the maid, the neighbors, and even the guardians of the revolution influenced Marjane and caused her to develop into an independent, educated, and ambitious woman. Throughout the novel, Marjane never completely conforms or lets go of her roots, this is prima rily due to

Technical Report on Victorian Desalination Plant †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Technical Report on Victorian Desalination Plant. Answer: Introduction: The Victorian Desalination Plant project is a government-funded project that was initiated in 2007 with the aim of providing a reliable water supply. In a single private partnership, the government offered the contract to AquaSure Company in 2009 to build, maintain, and finance the project for the next thirty years, which was fixed at $ 3.5 billion. It encompasses the construction of pipelines, water plants drainage, and maintenance among others. In the single private partnership, aquaSure is expected to play a more substantial role in managing, monitoring, and tracking of the project progress. In the definition of its role, includes maintaining best practices and standards across the operations, creating the best liaise with the surrounding community to ensure operation and maintenance of the water tunnels, ecological reserves and the pipelines accordingly. Fifty-two people run the project with the capacity of supplying up to 150 billion liters of good drinking water per year to the people living around the local regional community, including Melbourne and Geelong. The project is undertaken with an expectation of over 95 years lifespan. The water being processed at the project is subjected to real-time and online monitoring to ensure quality. Furthermore, laboratory tests are carried out both during water processing session and in the reservoir tank. The rules and regulations help to clearly appraise the procedural order in which the parties will operate and the alternative actions in case the agreed terms are not successfully achieved by either the contracting body or the contractor. Furthermore, it is also important in tracking the adherence of the contract to the standards and rules put forward by authorities. With the effort to ensure health enforcement and building standards, the building act 1993 may be applied. This fosters the enforcement of the construction regulations such as monitoring the health of the workforce involved in the construction of the water project. furthermore, the act may be applicable in granting the operational permit, warrantees and insurance, among others (Martin 2009, p.91). This is important in attaining the established construction standards in the water project. Taking a critical analysis of the possible diverse effect of land excavation and concrete construction, the Environmental protection act 1970 is a substantial tool for the enforcement of appropriate construction lines. As the pipelines are constructed, there must adequate survey conducted to ensure minimal destruction of vital resources that may cause more adverse effect to the environment if they are destroyed. Such resources may include forests, water bodies, and recreation centers among others. In ensuring privacy between the dealing parties, Privacy Act 1988 is applicable in the contract. The terms and condition under which the information will be shared is highlighted in this regulation. For example, no party is legible to sharing information of the contract for its independent benefit at the expense of the other. May be in form of reputation and company image to the general public (Goodman and Douglas 2017, p.350). Planning and environment act 1987 is an important act and can be used concurrently with the environmental protection act 1997. This all focus on the environmental sustenance and maintenance. As the water construction project is signed, the partnership contract has to adhere to the standard environmental laws. The Australian government takes initiative of ensuring environmental protection and management. Responsible authorities are subject to signing the contract before it kicks off. It therefore implies that the established laws will have to be followed (Cheung et al. 2012, p.45). The architect act 1991 may be applicable in the implementation of the project design. It must be based on a clear model, for example, Build-lease-transfer (BLT), build-own-operate (BOO), Build operate-transfer (BoT), among others. This clearly determines the phases in which the project will run. Either if the project will be handed over to the client after its complete of the private entity will continue with the operations (Martin, 2009, p.90). Critique of the type of contract that was used Public private partnership can basically be understood as a mutual contract understanding/ agreement built between a private sector entity and a public agency. The contract agreement grants the [private sector entity an upper hand in monitoring, financing, procurement, and delivery of the project requirements. It is important to note that in the contract agreement, the private entity takes significantly a greater role in the management and control of the project under execution (Cheung et al. 2009, p.83). For the last two decades, public private partnership has demonstrated a promising solution for filling up of the gaps that prevail in other forms of contracts. Taking a critical analysis and review of the public private partnership and innovation undertaken by many public agencies and Victorian Desalination Plant (VDP) in particular, there are several remedies, which among others include; Share of risks; as a result of collaboration between the government and the private entity, the impacts of the risks are minimized. This ensure quality assurance due to the fact that the client has the ability to monitor, track, supplement or complement on the progress of the project being undertaken. Some projects can tend to be too risky and costly for private entities to fully undertake. Other wise, if undertaken, the quality of the work done may be compromised. To help in solving scenarios of this kind, public private partnership serves to be the best and most appropriate for highly risky and costly projects (Jin, and Doloi, 2008, p.720). Improvement in the accountability of public entities. It is considerably true that government entities have always had problems of fund swindling, misappropriation and poor implementation effectiveness in planned programs. It is therefore more convenient to employ partnership in which case the, the private entity takes on the accountability (Nisar 2007, p.19). Though collaboration, an enhanced public management is attained as the public agencies may act as regulators who basically monitor the quality of work being undertaken. Rather than taking the responsibility of day today management, the public agency capitalizes on planning and performance monitoring. The method is also an appropriate way of increasing production scale (Regan et al. 2010, p.9). Resource pooling serves as a solution for addressing the problem of resource shortages. There tend to be cases of resource shortages in terms of expertise, finances, capital stock, and equipment among others. In some instances, projects may require a wide diversity of expertise and resources, which may necessarily be available to one firm. This makes the private public partnership the most recommendable (Garvin, M.J., 2009, p.409). Public private partnership also serves as a solution for addressing topics that require a multi-stakeholder/ neutral environment. For progress to be achieved on some issues there is need for creation of a neutral environment. Relative partnership between the private entity and the public agencies serves as the best solution in this case (Deva 2006, p.107). An incite can be drawn in the issues of the regulatory arena where the regulatory authorities have a substantial role to play and yet inputs from the industry is also required (Bailey et al. 2011) However, it is important to note that, even if the type of contract is good and recommendable, it also has its adverse effects and shortcomings. Among others, include; Time-lines and sustainability; in private public partnership, the private sectors usually receive funding for a period of three to five years. Victorian Desalination Plant (VDP) in particular received a particular sum of finances budgeted to achieve a particular goal within a given time schedule. The stipulated terms of contracts tends to be breached due to the time limitedness (Osei-Kyei, and Chan, 2015, p.1340). Difficulties in handling conglomerate leadership and project management. As the project is run in partnership, there is need to have extra ordinary competencies and skills to effectively integrate and coordinate the parties involved with the aim of capacity building. Challenges may emerge due to the fact that the level of competencies and expertise differ and this could lead to disagreement between the parties. Furthermore, there is a bureaucratic flow of information and decision-making becomes substantially hard and long. It is therefore not recommendable for projects that require execution in the shortest time (Ke et al. 2009, p.1010). The type of contract chosen does not give adequate room for performance measurement in relation to the roles played by each party in the achievement of the project goals and objectives. In other words, it is difficult to examine and evaluate the performance contributed by each entity. This type of contract also eliminates the role of small and medium sized enterprises. These types of contracts are meant only for large entities, consequently leading to the neglect of the upcoming firms. Furthermore, lager entities are highly mechanized hence offering less employment to the locals. In other words, public private partnership employ more of technological intensive method rather than labour intensive and in return, leads to technological unemployment (Hodge and Greve, 2007, p.550). Basing on the relevance and the shortcomings of the contract type, it a better strategy for achieving the best results in bigger, costly and risky projects. Given the long-term period for the project lifespan and the role it plays in providing a public service, it is unrealistic to fully contract a private firm. References Cheung, E., Chan, A.P. and Kajewski, S., 2009. Reasons for implementing public private partnership projects: perspectives from Hong Kong, Australian and British practitioners.Journal of Property Investment Finance,27(1), pp.81-95. Cheung, E., Chan, A.P. and Kajewski, S., 2012. Factors contributing to successful public private partnership projects: Comparing Hong Kong with Australia and the United Kingdom.Journal of Facilities Management,10(1), pp.45-58. Deva, S., 2006. Global Compact: A Critique of the UN's public-private partnership for promoting corporate citizenship.Syracuse J. Int'l L. Com.,34, p.107. Garvin, M.J., 2009. Enabling development of the transportation public-private partnership market in the United States.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,136(4), pp.402-411. Hodge, G.A. and Greve, C., 2007. Publicprivate partnerships: an international performance review.Public administration review,67(3), pp.545-558. Jin, X.H. and Doloi, H., 2008. Interpreting risk allocation mechanism in publicprivate partnership projects: an empirical study in a transaction cost economics perspective.Construction Management and Economics,26(7), pp.707-721. Ke, Y., Wang, S., Chan, A.P. and Cheung, E., 2009. Research trend of public-private partnership in construction journals.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,135(10), pp.1076-1086. Martin, C.E., 2009. Sovereignty, Meet Globalization: Using Public-Private Partnerships to Promote the Rule of Law in a Complex World.Mil. L. Rev.,202, p.91. Nisar, T.M., 2007. Risk management in publicprivate partnership contracts.Public Organization Review,7(1), pp.1-19. Osei-Kyei, R. and Chan, A.P., 2015. Review of studies on the Critical Success Factors for PublicPrivate Partnership (PPP) projects from 1990 to 2013.International Journal of Project Management,33(6), pp.1335-1346. Regan, M., Smith, J. and Love, P.E., 2010. Impact of the capital market collapse on public-private partnership infrastructure projects.Journal of construction engineering and management,137(1), pp.6-16. Bailey, I.H., Bell, M. and Bell, C., 2011.Construction law in Australia. Lawbook Company. Goodman, R. and Douglas, K., 2017. Dealing with Conflict in Local Planning: Reflections from Australian Planners.Planning Practice Research,32(4), pp.345-360.

Passage To India By Foster Essays - A Passage To India,

Passage To India By Foster In his novel A Passage to India, Forster uses a series of repeated misunderstandings between cultures, which become hardened into social stereotypes, to justify the uselessness of attempts to bridge cultural gulfs. In many instances, the way in which language is used plays a great role in the miscommunication between the English and the Indians, as well as among people of the same culture. This is exemplified in the way in which people use the same words, but do not hear the same meaning. It is also displayed through the British characters Aziz meets and befriends, through a series of invitations and through time and true mistakes. Upon Meeting the British: Two significant instances of miscommunication occur when Aziz meets the British characters in the novel that will end up being very close, yet controversial friends. Upon his encountering Mrs. Moore at the Mosque, he sees a British woman and right away develops a series of misconceptions about her. He believes that she is like all other British women (bring up conversation on women being alike): ?Madam, this is a mosque, you have no right here at all; you should have taken off your shoes; this is a holy place for Moslems.' ?I have taken them off.' ?You have?' ?I left them at the entrance.' ?Then I ask your pardon. I am truly sorry for speaking.' ?Yes, I was right, was I not? If I remove my shoes, I am allowed?' ?Of course, but so few ladies take the trouble, especially if thinking no one is there to see' (18). What Aziz finds is the unexpected fact that she is like Aziz in many ways, or as he describes her, "Oriental" (21). Yet, when seeing this side of the British woman, he again breaks his connection with her when she speaks of her son: ?And why ever do you come to Chandrapore?' ?To visit my son. He is the City Magistrate here.' ?Oh no, excuse me, that is quite impossible. Our City Magistrate's name is Mr. Heaslop. I know him intimately.' ?He's my son all the same,' she said smiling, (19). It does not occur to Aziz that Mrs. Moore's son may be part of the Indian race. It is something that is not understandable at first. Another British character that Aziz makes a connection with is Mr. Fielding. When Aziz arrives at Fielding's home to meet him for the first time, he has the same type of miscommunication that he does with Mrs. Moore, yet is is displayed in an opposite manner: "Lifting up his voice, he shouted from the bedroom, ?Please make yourself at home.' The remark was unpremeditated, like most of his actions; it was what he felt inclined to say. To Aziz it had a very different meaning" (66). Aziz understands Fielding's remark as a warm invitation, whereas Fielding has a routine of making the remark. People Saying One Thing and meaning another, usually just to be polite: A. Invitations The matter of invitations in the novel creates a cultural misunderstanding between the Indians and the British in the sense that the Indians make invitations just to be polite, which the British take literally. This causes offense in some cases to the British involved, whereas the Indians see it as a normal part of their society. This is first apparent at the Bridge Party, where Adela and Mrs. Moore are introduced to Mrs. Bhattacharya: When they took their leave, Mrs. Moore had an impulse, and said to Mrs. Bhattacharya, whose face she liked, ?I wonder whether you would allow us to call on you some day.' ?When?' she replied, inclining charmingly. ?Whenever is convenient.' ?All days are convenient.' ?Thursday...' ?Most certainly.'... ?What about the time?' ?All hours.' ?Tell us which you would prefer.' Mrs. Bhattacharya seemed not to know either. Her gesture implied that she had known, since Thursdays began, that English ladies would come to see her on one of them, and so always stayed in. Everything pleased her, nothing surprised. She added, ?We leave for Calcutta today.' ?Oh do you?' said Adela, not at first seeing the implication. Then she cried, ?Oh, but if you do, we shall find you gone.' Mrs. Bhattacharya did not dispute it. (44). Mrs. Bhattacharya doesn't think of the invitation in the same way Adela does. The same is for Aziz when inviting the two women to the Marabar caves. "He thought again of his bungalow in horror. Good heavens, the stupid girl had taken him at his word! What was he to